Indigenous Australians and Native Hawaiians Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Australians and Native Hawaiians Essay Indigenous Tourism is about reciprocity among humans and landscapes–learning to responsibly manage the impacts of tourism activities in ways that benefit local communities economically, socially, culturally and ecologically1. Indigenous Tourism encompasses tourism product that provides consenting contact with Aboriginal people, culture or land. The term is also applied to businesses that are either Aboriginal owned or part owned or that employ Aboriginal people. Indigenous Tourism encompasses all tourism product opportunities – Cultural Heritage, Adventure, Rural, Leisure, Educational, Arts and Crafts and provision of tourism services2. Indigenous History of the Australian and Hawaiian people The Indigenous cultures of Australia are the oldest living cultural history in the world, going back 50,000 – 65,000 years3. Their heritage was kept alive by passing their knowledge, arts, rituals and performances from one generation to another3. Similarly, the Indigenous Hawaiians had no form of writing and preserved their history through chants and legends. Both cultures suffered heavy losses from the discovery of their lands by European explorers, with Indigenous Australians facing trauma such as the stolen generation, and the Native Hawaiians having their culture and language discarded and forced into speaking English and adapting to the European culture45. In more recent times, both cultures have experienced resurgence in encouragement to embrace their cultures. Gatherings and addresses in Australia now acknowledge the original custodians of the land they stand on,6 and there are now Indigenous Australian Football and Rugby League teams, both called the Indigenous All Stars7. In the 1990s for Native Hawaiians, several factors led to big changes. The majority of sugar and pineapple plantations shut down, while different agricultural crops like macadamias and coffee beans took over. Film and television also contributed to the growth of Hawaii’s tourism industry. Similar to the official apology issued to the Aboriginal People by Kevin Rudd in 2008, President Clinton passed a public law in 1993 formally apologizing for the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893. 8 Land is important to Indigenous Australians as it is fundamental to the wellbeing of Aboriginal people. For Indigenous Australians, the land is the core of all spirituality and this relationship and the spirit of country is central to the issues that are important to Indigenous people today9. In contrary, the Native Hawaiians view family or â€Å"ohana† as important. The ohana provides food, shelter, and education for their children, giving them emotional support, love, and security. 10 Attractions The most popular activities undertaken by tourists who travelled to Australia in 2009 for the purpose of Indigenous tourism were Aboriginal art/craft, visiting Aboriginal sites and attending an Aboriginal performance. Experiencing Aboriginal art/craft or a cultural display was the most popular activity with 75% of Indigenous Tourism visitors participating in this activity. Second popular was visiting an Aboriginal site with attracted 39% of the visitors, while attending and Aboriginal performance attracted 27% of visitors11. In Hawaii during 2011, Local shop/artisans (71. 3%) were popular with U. S. West visitors, particularly on Kaua‘i (77. 4%), Maui (75. 4%) and Kona (71. 4%); but less so on O‘ahu (61. 4%), Hilo (42. 6%) or Lana‘i (19. 8%). 12 Economic Impacts Nationally, the nature-based tourism sector contributes $23 billion to the Australian economy each year. It is estimated that Kakadu and Uluru-Kata Tjuta national parks alone contribute more than $320 million a year to regional economies in the Northern Territory, with about 740 jobs either directly or indirectly associated with park visitation (Gillespie Economics and BDA Group 2008)13 Tourism is one of the few sustainable livelihood activities accessible to rural or remote indigenous Australian communities. This also means that actual wealth is created, rather than wealth created through Government handouts. 14 Contrary to the positive impacts Indigenous tourism has on Indigenous Australians, tourism in Hawaii isn’t as beneficial to its native residents. Most money made through the Indigenous tourism industry goes right back to owners of the land and hotels, who are often foreign as almost every major hotel in Hawaii is owned by foreign investors and is being funded by foreign investment. 15 Environmental Impacts Indigenous tourism in Australia for the most part has no environmental impact, as most indigenous activities involve respecting the land. Also, the Australian government has worked with the Indigenous Australians to return land to them that was taken over twenty years ago. 16 In Hawaii however, as many foreign investors move to Hawaii to start large business, such as hotel chains or casinos specifically designed to make money off of tourists, many Native Hawaiians have been evicted from their own land to make way for these developments. The surrounding beaches of Hawaii also become polluted from the boats people use to get to the island, as well as the jet skis people ride along the coastline. 17 Socio-cultural Impacts While the economic and environmental impacts of Indigenous tourism on Indigenous Australians are mostly positive, the socio-cultural impacts aren’t always positive. Lack of information, false impressions, misinformation, poor communication and poor knowledge can lead to Indigenous Australians feeling as though people aren’t properly appreciating or respecting their culture. 18 In Hawaii, Native Hawaiians feel alienated from their own land, as it is taken from them and turned into hotels and resorts. Many Native Hawaiians also feel as though their culture is losing meaning as it is being used increasingly more as tool to make more money. 19 Analysis of bias in sources Most sources used in this assignment were Government sites or reports done by experts, which are free from bias and simply present the facts. However a few sites were written from the perspective of locals in their respective countries and it is likely that these sources were not free from bias as many locals, especially those in Hawaii, who felt quite hostile towards those in the tourism industry. Conclusion Indigenous Tourism in Australia appears to be on the right track, as the Government has and still is working with Indigenous Australians to develop tourism in a way that is considerate of their beliefs and customs. In Hawaii, however, much work is needed to develop tourism in a way that considers the customs and traditions of the Native Hawaiians, as well as their feelings. Some control of the tourism industry needs to be handed back to the traditional custodians of the land, and more intervention from Governments is needed to protect the environment from pollution and overcrowding. Bibliography Culturalsurvival. org. 2014. The Aloha Industry: For Hawaiian women, tourism is not a neutral industry. | Cultural Survival. [online] Available at: http://www. culturalsurvival. org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-aloha-industry-for-hawaiian-women-tourism-not-a-neutral-industry [Accessed: 3 Mar 2014]. Hawaiitourismauthority. org. 2014. Historical Visitor Statistics Hawaii Tourism Authority. [online] Available at: http://www. hawaiitourismauthority. org/research/reports/historical-visitor-statistics/ [Accessed: 4 Mar 2014]. Indigenous Tourism in Australia. 2014. [pdf] Australian Government. http://www. waitoc. com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Indigenous_Tourism_in_Australia_FINAL. pdf [Accessed: 5 Mar 2014]. Slideshare. net. 2014. Tourism Impacts on Indigenous people. [online] Available at: http://www. slideshare. net/guest809599/tourism-impacts-on-indigenous-people [Accessed: 5 Mar 2014]. Sustainabletourismonline. com. 2014. Indigenous Tourism Sustainable Tourism Online. [online] Available at: http://www. sustainabletourismonline. com/indigenous-tourism [Accessed: 5 Mar 2014]. Waimea. com. 2014. All about Hawaii Culture. [online] Available at: http://www. waimea. com/culture. html [Accessed: 4 Mar 2014]. www. hawaiiactivities. com. 2014. Hawaii tours activities, fun things to do in Hawaii | HawaiiActivities. com. [online] Available at: http://www. hawaiiactivities. com/ [Accessed: 3 Mar 2014].

The Pearl: Depictions Of Life Essays -- essays research papers

The Pearl: Depictions of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In John Steinbeck's The Pearl, a destitute pearl diver finds a giant pearl with which he hopes to buy peace and happiness for his family. Instead, he learns that the valuable pearl can not buy happiness but only destroy his simple life. Throughout the fable, there is a constant theme woven through the characters and setting which encompasses the struggle among social classes to become successful. Steinbeck, a novelist known for his realistic depictions of life, portrays this motif through Kino, the doctor, Coyotito, and the town of La Paz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Earnst Steinbeck, author of The Pearl and many other stories, was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. Both his father, who ran a flour mill, and his mother, a teacher, encouraged him to write once they saw his early interest in literature. Steinbeck began his career by writing articles for his school newspaper and by taking classes at Stanford University. At the same time, he worked at a local ranch where he witnessed the harsh treatment of migrant workers. These underpriveleged laborers later served as the inspiration for many of his novels, including The Grapes of Wrath. The Pearl, another inspiration from his past, originated from a legend about the misfortunes of a poor boy who found a giant pearl that was told to Steinbeck while on a trip to Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kino, the protagonist in The Pearl, is an hone... The Pearl: Depictions Of Life Essays -- essays research papers The Pearl: Depictions of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In John Steinbeck's The Pearl, a destitute pearl diver finds a giant pearl with which he hopes to buy peace and happiness for his family. Instead, he learns that the valuable pearl can not buy happiness but only destroy his simple life. Throughout the fable, there is a constant theme woven through the characters and setting which encompasses the struggle among social classes to become successful. Steinbeck, a novelist known for his realistic depictions of life, portrays this motif through Kino, the doctor, Coyotito, and the town of La Paz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Earnst Steinbeck, author of The Pearl and many other stories, was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. Both his father, who ran a flour mill, and his mother, a teacher, encouraged him to write once they saw his early interest in literature. Steinbeck began his career by writing articles for his school newspaper and by taking classes at Stanford University. At the same time, he worked at a local ranch where he witnessed the harsh treatment of migrant workers. These underpriveleged laborers later served as the inspiration for many of his novels, including The Grapes of Wrath. The Pearl, another inspiration from his past, originated from a legend about the misfortunes of a poor boy who found a giant pearl that was told to Steinbeck while on a trip to Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kino, the protagonist in The Pearl, is an hone...

Would you expect a stronger anti-union response

Would you expect a stronger anti-union response from an employer in a manufacturing environment or a service environment? Why? By Andres-Su Would you expect a stronger anti-union response from an employer in a manufacturing environment or a service environment? Why? I would expect a heavier anti-union response from the manufacturing industry for a wide variety of reasons. Firstly, because due to the fact there is more market power in manufacturing giving unions more leverage to exact demands from employers.Secondly, Jobs in service industries are generally of a shorter duration, so workers leave their Jobs frequently so unionization is not a high priority. The cost of labor is also higher in service Jobs, so unions have less power. So simply put, there will be a much more anti-union response in the manufacturing industry simply because manufacturing unions have much more power and leverage compared to workers in service industries. Select an organization with which you are familiar, and discuss the possible argaining units that would be appropriate for collective bargaining in its structure.Just because it Just literally happened, I chose MLB (Major League Baseball). Baseball players and owners signed an agreement for a new labor contract Tuesday, a deal that makes baseball the first North American professional major league to start blood testing on human growth hormone and expands the playoffs to 10 teams. The five- year deal collective bargaining agreement makes changes owners hope will increase competitive balance by pressuring large-market teams to rein in spending on mateur draft picks and international signings.Other highlights include: Players will be required to play in the All-Star Game unless injured or excused, Instant replay will be expanded to include decisions on foul lines and traps, subject to an agreement with umpires, Players, managers and coaches may not use smokeless tobacco products during televised interviews and may not carry them in thei r uniforms, Players arrested for DWI will be required to undergo mandatory evaluation, and Players will start wearing improved batting helmets manufactured by Rawlings by 013.Review the arguments for and against the Employee Free Choice Act and the Mandatory Secret Ballot Protection Act. How would you vote? Give your reasons. The Employee Free Choice Act is a piece of legislation that would change federal law in order to, according to the bill's authors; strengthen the rights of workers to unionize. It attempts to do so by changing the procedure by which workers unionize. Currently, union campaigns must secure support from 30% of workers in a company through card-ballots, which subsequently sends the campaign into a secret ballot lection.If a majority of workers then vote by secret ballot to unionize, a union may be certified by the National Labor Relations Board and established. The Employee Free Choice Act intends to change the law so that a union can be created by a majority vote from the card-ballot process alone, avoiding the second process of a secret ballot election. It also establishes stronger penalties for violation of employee rights when workers seek to form a union and during first-contract negotiations and provides for mediation and arbitration for first-contract disputes.

The Mexican Revolution Zapata, Diaz and Madero

Emiliano Zapata has the distinction of being the first of the major figures in the Mexican Revolution to take to the field. In 1910, when Francisco Madero was cheated in a national election, he fled to the United States and called for revolution. In the dry, dusty north his call was answered by opportunistic muleteer Pascual Orozco and bandit Pancho Villa, who put major armies into the field. In the south, Madero’s call was answered by Zapata, who had already been fighting wealthy landowners since 1909. The Tiger of Morelos Zapata was an important figure in Morelos. He had been elected mayor of Anenecuilco, the tiny town where he had been born. Sugarcane plantations in the area had been blatantly stealing land from the community for years, and Zapata put a stop to it. He showed the title deeds to the state governor, who waffled. Zapata took things into his own hands, rounding up armed peasants and forcefully taking back the land in question. The people of Morelos were more than ready to join him: after decades of debt peonage (a sort of thinly-veiled slavery in which wages do not keep up with debts incurred at the â€Å"company store†) on the plantations, they were hungry for blood. A desperate President Porfirio Dà ­az, figuring he could deal with Zapata later, demanded that the landowners return all of the stolen land. He hoped to placate Zapata long enough to be able to deal with Madero. The return of the land made Zapata a hero. Emboldened by his success, he began fighting for other villages who had also been victimized by Dà ­az’ cronies. Around the end of 1910 and beginning of 1911, Zapata’s fame and reputation grew. Peasants flocked to join him and he attacked plantations and small towns all over Morelos and sometimes in neighboring states. The Siege of Cuautla On May 13, 1911, he launched his largest attack, hurling 4,000 men armed with muskets and machetes against the town of Cuautla, where some 400 well-armed and trained federal forces of the elite Fifth Cavalry Unit were waiting for them. The Battle of Cuautla was a brutal affair, fought out in the streets for six days. On May 19th, the battered remnants of the Fifth Cavalry pulled out, and Zapata had a huge victory. The Battle of Cuautla made Zapata famous and announced to all of Mexico that he would be a major player in the Revolution to come. Harried on all sides, President Dà ­az was forced to resign and flee. He left Mexico at the end of May and on June 7, Francisco Madero triumphantly entered Mexico City. Zapata and Madero Although he had supported Madero against Dà ­az, Zapata was wary of Mexico’s new president. Madero had secured Zapata’s cooperation with vague promises about land reform – the only issue that Zapata truly cared about – but once he was in office he stalled. Madero was not a true revolutionary, and Zapata eventually sensed that Madero had no real interest in land reform. Disappointed, Zapata took to the field again, this time to bring down Madero, who he felt had betrayed him. In November of 1911, he wrote his famous Plan of Ayala, which declared Madero a traitor, named Pascual Orozco head of the Revolution, and outlined a plan for true land reform. Madero sent General Victoriano Huerta to control the situation but Zapata and his men, fighting on their home turf, ran circles around him, executing lightning-fast raids on villages in Mexico State just a few miles from Mexico City. Meanwhile, Madero’s enemies were multiplying. In the north, Pascual Orozco had again taken up arms, irritated that an ungrateful Madero had not given him a lucrative position as governor after Dà ­az had been ousted. Fà ©lix Dà ­az, the dictator’s nephew, also rose up in arms. In February of 1913 Huerta, who had returned to Mexico City after his failed attempt to corral Zapata, turned on Madero, ordering him arrested and shot. Huerta then set himself up as President. Zapata, who hated Huerta as much or more than he hated Madero, vowed to remove the new president. Source: McLynn, Frank. Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000.